I had this same/similar problem. All my other Macs printed to the Artisan 837 on CDs/DVDs without any problem except my MacPro.
I did what you suggested, deleted the Artisan 837 from the Printers & Scanners list is System Preferences. Then reinstalled it by clicking on the plus sign at the bottom of the printers listed on the left side of the Printers & Scanners settings page.
However, instead of just selecting the Artisan 837 in the pop up window, I chose "Add Printer or Scanner..." That brought up another window which let me choose Epson Artisan 837(IP). I installed that and BOOM! It now lets me select all the media types including CD/DVD.
I had also previously downloaded and installed the OSX 10.8 printer drives from the Epson website for the 837. I know, you're not supposed to do this, but, everything works the way it is supposed to now, so I'm leaving it this way.
I'm going to do a back up (clone) and see if there is any software updates and how that affects my printing system.
Good luck.
-M